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<title>Inheritance</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inheritance</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about passing on of property or other rights or obligations after a person's death. For inheritance of genes, see <a href="Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>. For other uses, see <a href="Inheritance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Inheritance (disambiguation)">Inheritance (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Heir" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Heir_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Heir (disambiguation)">Heir (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Inheritance</b> is the practice of receiving <a href="Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, <a href="Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">titles</a>, <a href="Debt" title="Debt">debts</a>, entitlements, <a href="Privilege_(law)" title="Privilege (law)">privileges</a>, <a href="Rights" title="Rights">rights</a>, and <a href="Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">obligations</a> upon the <a href="Death" title="Death">death</a> of an <a href="Individual" title="Individual">individual</a>. The rules of inheritance differ among societies and have changed over time. Officially <a href="Bequest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bequest">bequeathing</a> private property and/or debts can be performed by a <a href="Testator" title="Testator">testator</a> via <a href="Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">will</a>, as attested by a <a href="Notary" title="Notary">notary</a> or by other lawful means.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

<p>In law, an <i>heir</i> (<span style="font-size:90%;"><abbr title="feminine form"><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</span></span></abbr> (obs): </span> <i>heiress</i>) is a person who is entitled to receive a share of property from a <i><a href="Decedent" class="mw-redirect" title="Decedent">decedent</a></i> (a person who died), subject to the rules of inheritance in the <a href="Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> where the decedent was a citizen, or where the decedent died or owned property at the time of death.

</p><p>The inheritance may be either under the terms of a will or by <a href="Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a> laws if the deceased had no will. However, the will must comply with the laws of the jurisdiction at the time it was created or it will be declared invalid (for example, some states do not recognise <a href="Holographic_will" title="Holographic will">handwritten wills</a> as valid, or only in specific circumstances) and the intestacy laws then apply.

</p><p>The exclusion from inheritance of a person who was an heir in a previous will, or would otherwise be expected to inherit, is termed <i>disinheritance</i>.

</p><p>A person does not become an heir before the death of the deceased, since the exact identity of the persons entitled to inherit is determined only then. Members of ruling noble or royal houses who are expected to become heirs are called <i><a href="Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heirs apparent</a></i> if first in line and incapable of being displaced from inheriting by another claim; otherwise, they are <i><a href="Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heirs presumptive</a></i>. There is a further concept of joint inheritance, pending renunciation by all but one, which is called <i><a href="Co-parceners" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-parceners">coparceny</a></i>.

</p><p>In modern law, the terms ‘'inheritance'’ and '‘heir’' apply only to property passed by <i>intestate succession</i> – that is, from a person who dies without a will. Property distributed under a will passes to <i><a href="Beneficiary" title="Beneficiary">beneficiaries</a>,</i> who may be called<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>devisees</i> for <a href="Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a>, <i>legatees</i> for money, and recipients of <i>bequests</i> for other <a href="Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>.

</p><p>Except in some jurisdictions where a person cannot be legally disinherited (such as the US state of <a href="Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, which allows disinheritance only under specifically enumerated circumstances<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a person who would otherwise be an heir<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may be disinherited completely under the terms of a will (an example is that of the will of comedian <a href="Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a>; his will specifically disinherited his six children by his first wife, and their descendants, leaving his entire estate to his second wife).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Inheritance has been compared to <a href="Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e543_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e543-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Historical_inheritance_systems" title="Historical inheritance systems">Historical inheritance systems</a></div>

<p>Detailed <a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> and <a href="Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> studies have been made about customs of patrimonial inheritance, where only male children can inherit. Some cultures also employ <a href="Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> succession, where property can only pass along the female line, most commonly going to the sister's sons of the decedent; but also, in some societies, from the mother to her daughters. Some ancient societies and most modern states employ egalitarian inheritance, without discrimination based on gender and/or birth order.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_laws_about_inheritance">Religious laws about inheritance</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_laws">Jewish laws</h3></div>

<p>The inheritance is patrimonial. The father —that is, the owner of the land— bequeaths only to his male descendants, so the Promised Land passes from one Jewish father to his sons. According to the <a href="Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a>, the <a href="Firstborn_(Judaism)" title="Firstborn (Judaism)">firstborn son</a> was entitled to receive twice as much of his father's inheritance as the other sons (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0521.htm#15">Deuteronomy 21:15–17</a>).

</p><p>If there were no living sons and no descendants of any previously living sons, daughters inherit. In Numbers 27, the five <a href="Daughters_of_Zelophehad" title="Daughters of Zelophehad">daughters of Zelophehad</a> come to Moses and ask for their father's inheritance, as they have no brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order of inheritance is set out: a man's sons inherit first, daughters if no sons, brothers if he has no children, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Later, in Numbers 36, some of the heads of the families of the tribe of Manasseh come to Moses and point out that, if a daughter inherits and then marries a man not from her paternal tribe, her land will pass from her birth-tribe's inheritance into her marriage-tribe's. So a further rule is laid down: if a daughter inherits land, she must marry someone within her father's tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The daughters of Zelophehad marry the sons' of their father's brothers. There is no indication that this was not their choice.)

</p><p>The laws of Jewish inheritance are discussed in the <a href="Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a><sup id="cite_ref-chabad.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="Saadiah_ben_Joseph" title="Saadiah ben Joseph">Saadiah ben Joseph</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among other sources. All these sources agree that the firstborn son is entitled to a double portion of his father's estate.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that, for example, if a father left five sons, the firstborn receives a third of the estate and each of the other four receives a sixth. If he left nine sons, the firstborn receives a fifth and each of the other eight receive a tenth.<sup id="cite_ref-chabad.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chabad.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the eldest surviving son is not the firstborn son, he is not entitled to the double portion.

</p><p><a href="Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also comment on the <a href="Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> laws of inheritance, praising them above other law codes of their time. They also agreed that the firstborn son must receive a double portion of his father's estate.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_laws">Christian laws</h3></div>

<p>At first, Christianity did not have its own inheritance traditions distinct from Judaism. With the accession of <a href="Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Emperor Constantine</a> in 306, Christians both began to distance themselves from Judaism and to have influence on the law and practices of secular institutions. From the beginning, this included inheritance. The Roman practice of <a href="Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">adoption</a> was a specific target, because it was perceived to be in conflict with the Judeo-Christian doctrine of <a href="Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>. As Stephanie Coontz documents in <i>Marriage, a History</i> (Penguin, 2006), not only succession but the whole constellation of rights and practices that included marriage, adoption, legitimacy, consanguinity, and inheritance changed in Western Europe from a Greco-Roman model to a Judeo-Christian pattern, based on Biblical and traditional Judeo-Christian principles. The transformation was essentially complete in the Middle Ages, although in English-speaking countries there was additional development under the influence of <a href="Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Protestantism</a>. Even when Europe became secularized and Christianity faded into the background, the legal foundation Christendom had laid remained. Only in the era of modern jurisprudence have there been significant changes.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_laws">Islamic laws</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Islamic inheritance jurisprudence</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> introduced a number of different rights and restrictions on matters of inheritance, including general improvements to the treatment of women and family life compared to the pre-Islamic societies that existed in the Arabian Peninsula at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Quran introduced additional heirs that were not entitled to inheritance in pre-Islamic times, mentioning nine relatives specifically of which six were female and three were male. However, the inheritance rights of women remained different to those of men because in Islam someone always has a responsibility of looking after a woman's expenses. According to 4:11, for example, a son is entitled to twice as much inheritance as a daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quran also presented efforts to fix the laws of inheritance, and thus forming a complete legal system. This development was in contrast to pre-Islamic societies where rules of inheritance varied considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the above changes, the Quran imposed restrictions on <a href="Testamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Testamentary">testamentary</a> powers of a <a href="Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> in disposing his or her property.

</p><p>Three verses of the Quran, 4:11, 4:12 and 4:176, give specific details of inheritance and shares, in addition to few other verses dealing with testamentary.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this information was used as a starting point by Muslim jurists who expounded the laws of inheritance even further using <a href="Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, as well as methods of juristic reasoning like <a href="Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a>. Nowadays, inheritance is considered an integral part of <a href="Sharia_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia law">Sharia law</a> and its application for Muslims is mandatory, though many peoples (see <a href="Historical_inheritance_systems" title="Historical inheritance systems">Historical inheritance systems</a>), despite being Muslim, have other inheritance customs.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inequality">Inequality</h2></div>

<p>The distribution of the inherited wealth has varied greatly among different cultures and legal traditions. In nations using <a href="Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, for example, the right of children to inherit wealth from parents in pre-defined ratios is enshrined in law,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as far back as the <a href="Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (ca. 1750 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US State of Louisiana, the only US state where the legal system is derived from the <a href="Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>, this system is known as "<a href="Forced_heirship" title="Forced heirship">forced heirship</a>" which prohibits disinheritance of adult children except for a few narrowly defined reasons that a parent is obligated to prove.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other legal traditions, particularly in nations using <a href="Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, allow inheritances to be divided however one wishes, or to disinherit any child for any reason.

</p><p>In cases of unequal inheritance, the majority might receive a small amount while the minority inherits a larger amount. The amount of inheritance is often far less than the value of a business initially given to the son, especially when a son takes over a thriving multimillion-dollar business, yet the daughter is given the balance of the actual inheritance amounting to far less than the value of the business that was initially given to the son. This is especially seen in old world cultures, but continues in many families to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Arguments for eliminating forced heirship include the right to property and the merit of individual allocation of capital over government wealth confiscation and redistribution, but this does not resolve what some describe as the problem of unequal inheritance. In terms of inheritance inequality, some economists and sociologists focus on the inter generational transmission of income or wealth which is said to have a direct impact on one's mobility (or immobility) and class position in society. Nations differ on the political structure and policy options that govern the transfer of wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>According to the American federal government statistics compiled by Mark Zandi in 1985, the average US inheritance was $39,000. In subsequent years, the overall amount of total annual inheritance more than doubled, reaching nearly $200 billion. By 2050, there will be an estimated $25 trillion inheritance transmitted across generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Marable_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marable-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some researchers have attributed this rise to the <a href="Baby_boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby boomer">baby boomer</a> generation. Historically, the baby boomers were the largest influx of children conceived after WW2. For this reason, <a href="Thomas_Shapiro" title="Thomas Shapiro">Thomas Shapiro</a> suggests that this generation "is in the midst of benefiting from the greatest inheritance of wealth in history".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start".<sup id="cite_ref-Salon-20140324_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-20140324-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECO-20140318_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECO-20140318-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2012, according to the <a href="Institute_for_Policy_Studies" title="Institute for Policy Studies">Institute for Policy Studies</a>, "over 60 percent" of the <a href="Forbes_400" title="Forbes 400">Forbes richest 400 Americans</a> "grew up in substantial privilege", and often (but not always) received substantial inheritances.<sup id="cite_ref-OW-20120924_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OW-20120924-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Other research has shown that many inheritances, large or small, are rapidly squandered.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, analysis shows that over two-thirds of high-wealth families lose their wealth within two generations, and almost 80% of high-wealth parents "feel the next generation is not financially responsible [and/or competent] enough to handle inheritance".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h3></div>

<p>It has been argued that inheritance plays a significant effect on <a href="Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>. Inheritance is an integral component of family, economic, and legal institutions, and a basic mechanism of <a href="Class_stratification" title="Class stratification">class stratification</a>. It also affects the <a href="Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">distribution of wealth</a> at the societal level. The total cumulative effect of inheritance on stratification outcomes takes three forms, according to scholars who have examined the subject.

</p><p>The first form of inheritance is the inheritance of <a href="Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a> (i.e. linguistic styles, higher status social circles, and aesthetic preferences).<sup id="cite_ref-Edited_by_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edited_by-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second form of inheritance is through familial interventions in the form of <i>inter vivos</i> transfers (i.e. gifts between the living), especially at crucial junctures in the life courses. Examples include during a child's milestone stages, such as going to college, getting married, getting a job, and purchasing a home.<sup id="cite_ref-Edited_by_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edited_by-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third form of inheritance is the transfers of bulk estates at the time of death of the testators, thus resulting in significant economic advantage accruing to their children.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average age of receiving an inheritance has been estimated at around 60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-y690_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y690-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the stability of inequalities is material (personal possessions one is able to obtain) and is also cultural, rooted either in varying child-rearing practices that are geared to socialization according to social class and economic position. Child-rearing practices among those who inherit wealth may center around favoring some groups at the expense of others at the bottom of the <a href="Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociological_and_economic_effects_of_inheritance_inequality">Sociological and economic effects of inheritance inequality</h3></div>

<p>It is further argued that the degree to which economic status and inheritance is transmitted across generations determines one's life chances in society. Although many have linked one's social origins and educational attainment to life chances and opportunities, education cannot serve as the most influential predictor of <a href="Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">economic mobility</a>. In fact, children of well-off parents generally receive better schooling and benefit from material, cultural, and genetic inheritances.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, schooling attainment is often persistent across generations and families with higher amounts of inheritance are able to acquire and transmit higher amounts of <a href="Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>. Lower amounts of human capital and inheritance can perpetuate inequality in the housing market and higher education. Research reveals that inheritance plays an important role in the accumulation of housing wealth. Those who receive an inheritance are more likely to own a home than those who do not regardless of the size of the inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Often, racial or religious minorities and individuals from socially disadvantaged backgrounds receive less inheritance and wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, mixed races might be excluded in inheritance privilege and are more likely to rent homes or live in poorer neighborhoods, as well as achieve lower educational attainment compared with whites in America.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Nations with the highest <a href="Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income</a> and <a href="Wealth_inequalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth inequalities">wealth inequalities</a> often have the highest rates of homicide and disease (such as obesity, diabetes, and hypertension) which results in high mortality rates.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article reveals that the U.S. is the world's wealthiest nation, but "ranks twenty-ninth in life expectancy, right behind Jordan and Bosnia" and "has the second highest mortality rate of the comparable OECD countries".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been regarded as highly attributed to the significant gap of inheritance inequality in the country,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there are clearly other factors such as the affordability of <a href="Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>.

</p><p>When social and economic inequalities centered on inheritance are perpetuated by major social institutions such as family, education, religion, etc., these differing life opportunities are argued to be transmitted from each generation. As a result, this inequality is believed to become part of the overall social structure.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Women's unequal inheritance rights refer to the disparities and discriminatory practices that women face in inheriting property and assets compared to men. These inequalities stem from a combination of legal, cultural, and religious practices that often prioritize male heirs over female ones, resulting in significant socio-economic consequences for women.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynastic_wealth">Dynastic wealth</h3></div>

<p>Dynastic wealth is monetary inheritance that is passed on to generations that did not earn it.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynastic wealth is linked to the term <a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a>. Much has been written about the rise and influence of dynastic wealth including the bestselling book <i><a href="Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a></i> by the French economist <a href="Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> uses the term in his article "Why Inequality Matters".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_response_to_inheritance">Soviet response to inheritance</h3></div>

<p>As <a href="Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> is founded on the <a href="Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> <a href="Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">Labor Theory of Value</a>, any money collected in the course of a lifetime is justified if it was based on the fruits of the person's own labor and not from exploiting others. The first communist government installed after the <a href="Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> resolved to abolish the right of inheritance regardless of being the result of someone's work or exploitation,<sup id="cite_ref-MSU_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSU-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some exceptions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxation">Taxation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">Inheritance tax</a></div>

<p>Many states have <a href="Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance taxes</a> or <a href="Estate_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate tax">estate taxes</a>, under which a portion of any inheritance or estate becomes <a href="Government_revenue" title="Government revenue">government revenue</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inheritance_and_pensions">Inheritance and pensions</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3></div>

<p>In the United Arab Emirates, government pensions can, under specific conditions, be transferred to heirs after the death of a pensioner. This reflects a broader approach in some countries to support families of deceased retirees.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Beneficiary" title="Beneficiary">Beneficiary</a> – Person or other legal entity who receives money or other benefits from a benefactor</li>

<li><a href="Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a> – Legal system originating in Western Europe</li>

<li><a href="Common_law_(legal_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law (legal system)">Common law</a> – Law created by judicial precedent<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Digital_inheritance" title="Digital inheritance">Digital inheritance</a> – Passing down of digital assets after a person's death</li>

<li><a href="Inheritance_law_in_ancient_Rome" title="Inheritance law in ancient Rome">Inheritance law in ancient Rome</a> – Roman Legal Concept</li>

<li><a href="Inheritance_law_in_Bulgaria" title="Inheritance law in Bulgaria">Inheritance law in Bulgaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Inheritance_law_in_Canada" title="Inheritance law in Canada">Inheritance law in Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Inheritance_law_in_Switzerland" title="Inheritance law in Switzerland">Inheritance law in Switzerland</a> – Succession of rights and obligations of a deceased person</li>

<li><a href="Smart_contract" title="Smart contract">Smart contract</a> – Contractual transaction on a decentralized platform</li>

<li><a href="Transformative_asset" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformative asset">Transformative asset</a> – Concept devised by <a href="Thomas_Shapiro" title="Thomas Shapiro">Thomas Shapiro</a></li>

<li><a href="Estate_planning" title="Estate planning">Estate planning</a> – Process of planning for inheritance of property</li>

<li><a href="Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a> – Area of the law that deals with family matters and domestic relations</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">precise terminology depends on jurisdiction</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as would be the case if were there no will and distribution if the estate according to the relevant intestacy laws would apply</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lcco.law.lsu.edu/?uid=60&ver=en">"LSU Law: Louisiana Civil Code"</a>. <i>lcco.law.lsu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcLevy2017" class="citation news cs1">McLevy, Alex (September 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/jerry-lewis-actual-kids-excluded-from-his-will-1818664266">"Jerry Lewis' actual kids excluded from his will"</a>. <i><a href="The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929055657/https://www.avclub.com/jerry-lewis-actual-kids-excluded-from-his-will-1818664266">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-e543-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e543_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-González2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-González, Francisco (1 November 2006). "Inherited Control and Firm Performance". <i>American Economic Review</i>. <b>96</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1559–</span>1588. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Faer.96.5.1559">10.1257/aer.96.5.1559</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8282">0002-8282</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0427.htm#1">Numbers 27:1–4</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0427.htm#7">Numbers 27:7–11</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0436.htm#1">Numbers 36</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In tractate <a href="Baba_Bathra" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Bathra">Baba Bathra</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-chabad.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chabad.org_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chabad.org_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1170531/jewish/Chapter-2.htm">"Nachalot - Chapter 2"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609033429/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1170531/jewish/Chapter-2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSaʻadia_ben_Joseph1897" class="citation web cs1">Saʻadia ben Joseph, Joel Müller (28 September 1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seferhayerushot00mlgoog">"Sefer ha-yerushot: ʻim yeter ha-mikhtavim be-divre ha-halakhah be-ʻAravit uve-ʻIvrit uve-Aramit"</a>. Ernest Leroux<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2017</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hebrew-English Bible</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0521.htm#17">Deuteronomy 21:17</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094445/http://www.bjec.org/about/moot_court_sources.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjec.org/about/moot_court_sources.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span></span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EI2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFC.E._Bosworth1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">C.E. Bosworth; et al., eds. (1993). "Mīrāth". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 7 (second ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>90-04-09419-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=11">4:11</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=4&verse=11">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation"</a>. <i>corpus.quran.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301132410/http://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=4&verse=11">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=11">4:11</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=12">4:12</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=176">4:176</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julia Twigg and Alain Grand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ageing-and-society/article/contrasting-legal-conceptions-of-family-obligation-and-financial-reciprocity-in-the-support-of-older-people-france-and-england/4BC6D311ADC015B66FEB13899C638149">Contrasting legal conceptions of family obligation and financial reciprocity in the support of older people: France and England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201020253/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ageing-and-society/article/contrasting-legal-conceptions-of-family-obligation-and-financial-reciprocity-in-the-support-of-older-people-france-and-england/4BC6D311ADC015B66FEB13899C638149">Archived</a> 2018-02-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ageing & Society, 18(2) March 1998, pp. 131-146</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmond N. Cahn. Restraints on Disinheritance University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register, Vol. 85, No. 2 (Dec., 1936), pp. 139-153</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">43 Loy. L. Rev. 1 (1997-1998)

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/loyolr43&div=8&id=&page=">The New Forced Heirship in Louisiana: Historical Perspectives, Comparative Law Analyses and Reflections upon the Integration of New Structures into a Classical Civil Law System</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429013808/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Floyolr43&div=8&id=&page=">Archived</a> 2018-04-29 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, James B. "The Relative Impact of Inheritance and Other Factors on Economic Inequality". The <i><a href="Quarterly_Journal_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarterly Journal of Economics">Quarterly Journal of Economics</a></i>, Vol. 97, No. 3, pp. 471</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Angel, Jacqueline L. Inheritance in Contemporary America: The Social Dimensions of Giving across Generations. p. 35</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Marable-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marable_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marable, Manning. "Letter From America: Inheritance, Wealth and Race." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontierweekly.googlepages.com/inheritance-38-48.pdf">Google pages.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216223207/http://frontierweekly.googlepages.com/inheritance-38-48.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-16 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro, Thomas M. The Hidden Cost of Being African American: How Wealth Perpetuates Inequality. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 5</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Salon-20140324-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salon-20140324_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2014" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (March 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/2014/03/24/death_of_meritocracy_how_inheritance_is_poisoning_the_american_economy/">"You call this a meritocracy? How rich inheritance is poisoning the American economy"</a>. <i><a href="Salon_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon (website)">Salon</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140731075606/http://www.salon.com/2014/03/24/death_of_meritocracy_how_inheritance_is_poisoning_the_american_economy/">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ECO-20140318-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ECO-20140318_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2014" class="citation news cs1">Staff (March 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2014/03/inequality">"Inequality – Inherited wealth"</a>. <i><a href="The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120159/http://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2014/03/inequality">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-OW-20120924-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OW-20120924_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPizzigati2012" class="citation web cs1">Pizzigati, Sam (September 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inequality.org/selfmade-myth-hallucinating-rich/">"The 'Self-Made' Hallucination of America's Rich"</a>. <i><a href="Institute_for_Policy_Studies" title="Institute for Policy Studies">Institute for Policy Studies</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth O'Brien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/one-in-three-americans-who-get-an-inheritance-blow-it-2015-09-03">One in three Americans who get an inheritance blow it</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075258/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/one-in-three-americans-who-get-an-inheritance-blow-it-2015-09-03">Archived</a> 2018-02-01 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Market Watch.com</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.com/rich-families-lose-wealth/">70% of Rich Families Lose Their Wealth by the Second Generation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628185058/https://money.com/rich-families-lose-wealth/">Archived</a> June 28, 2021, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Time.com, June 17, 2015</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy-matters.co.uk/">Legacy Matters</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Edited_by-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edited_by_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edited_by_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">(Edited By) Miller, Robert K., McNamee, Stephen J. Inheritance and Wealth in America. p. 2</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Edited By) Miller, Robert K., McNamee, Stephen L. Inheritance and Wealth in America. p. 4</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-y690-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-y690_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSturrockJoyceBourquin2020" class="citation report cs1">Sturrock, David; Joyce, Robert; Bourquin, Pascale (22 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.org.uk/uploads/R173-Inheritances-and-inequality-within-generations.pdf">Inheritances and inequality within generations</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). The IFS. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1920%2Fre.ifs.2020.0173">10.1920/re.ifs.2020.0173</a></span>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-912805-93-8</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clignet, Remi. Death, Deeds, and Descendants: Inheritance in Modern America. p. 3</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert, "The Inheritance of Inequality." <i><a href="Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" title="Journal of Economic Perspectives">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a></i> Vol. 16, No. 3, 2002, p. 4</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flippen, Chenoa A. "Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Homeownership and Housing Equity." The Sociological Quarterly, Volume 42, No. 2 p. 134</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStrand2010" class="citation journal cs1">Strand, Palma Joy (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1794/10955">"Inheriting Inequality: Wealth, Race, and the Laws of Succession"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oregon Law Review</i>. <b>89</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">453–</span>503. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1794%2F10955">1794/10955</a> – via University of Oregon Scholars' Bank.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 20 of "The Spirit Level"by Wilkinson & Pickett, Bloomsbury Press 2009</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthsystemtracker.org/chart-collection/mortality-rates-u-s-compare-countries/">"How do mortality rates in the U.S. compare to other countries?"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dubner, Stephen. "How Big of a Deal Is Income Inequality? A Guest Post". The <i>New York Times</i>. August 27, 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rokicka, Ewa. "Local policy targeted at reducing inheritance of inequalities in European countries." May 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profit.uni.lodz.pl/pub/dok2/6ca34cbaf07ece58cbd1b4f24371c8c8/PROFIT_dissemination_ER_16th_IC_of%20_IT&FA.pdf">Lodz.pl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216223207/http://www.profit.uni.lodz.pl/pub/dok2/6ca34cbaf07ece58cbd1b4f24371c8c8/PROFIT_dissemination_ER_16th_IC_of%20_IT%26FA.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-16 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. Miller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB115223979105400349">"Open the FloodGates"</a>, "The Wall Street Journal", July 7, 2006</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piketty, Thomas, "Capital in the Twenty-First Century". Harvard University Press, Mar 10, 2014</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BILL GATES, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/today/post/article/20141015002149-251749025-why-inequality-matters">"Why Inequality Matters"</a>, "LinkedIn", 15 October 2014</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MSU-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MSU_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1917-2/economic-apparatus/economic-apparatus-texts/abolition-of-inheritance/">"Abolition of Inheritance"</a>. <i>Seventeen Moments in Soviet History</i>. 2015-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKazienė2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kazienė (2024-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://senjorusvetaine.lt/salis-kurioje-pensininkui-mirus-pensija-mokama-jo-ipediniams/">"The country where pension payments continue to heirs"</a>. <i>Senjorų svetainė</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Inheritance" class="extiw external" title="q:Inheritance">Inheritance</a></b></i>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Inheritance"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Inheritance">"Inheritance" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/2006-07-25-heirs-usat_x.htm">26 July 2006 USA Today article on dilemma the rich face when leaving wealth to children</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Family457" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Family" title="Family">Family</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_family" title="History of the family">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_rights" title="Family rights">Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Household" title="Household">Household</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li>

<li><a href="Conjugal_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugal family">Conjugal family</a></li>

<li><a href="Immediate_family" title="Immediate family">Immediate family</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal family</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Coefficient_of_relationship#Human_relationships" title="Coefficient of relationship">First-degree relatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mother" title="Mother">mother</a></li>

<li><a href="Father" title="Father">father</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Child" title="Child">Child</a>

<li><a href="Daughter" title="Daughter">daughter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sibling" title="Sibling">Sibling</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brother" title="Brother">brother</a></li>

<li><a href="Sister" title="Sister">sister</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Grandparent" title="Grandparent">Grandparent</a></li>

<li><a href="Grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandchild">Grandchild</a></li>

<li><a href="Uncle" title="Uncle">Uncle</a>/<a href="Aunt" title="Aunt">Aunt</a></li>

<li><a href="Niece_and_nephew" title="Niece and nephew">Niece and nephew</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-degree relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Great-grandparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandparent">Great-grandparent</a></li>

<li><a href="Great-grandchild" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-grandchild">Great-grandchild</a></li>

<li><a href="Great-uncle" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-uncle">Great-uncle</a>/<a href="Great-aunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great-aunt">Great-aunt</a></li>

<li><a href="Cousin" title="Cousin">Cousin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Family-in-law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spouse" title="Spouse">Spouse</a>

<li><a href="Husband" title="Husband">husband</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parent-in-law" title="Parent-in-law">Parent-in-law</a></li>

<li><a href="Sibling-in-law" title="Sibling-in-law">Sibling-in-law</a></li>

<li><a href="Child-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-in-law">Child-in-law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Daughter-in-law" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughter-in-law">daughter-in-law</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Stepfamily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Stepparent" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepparent">Stepparent</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stepfather" title="Stepfather">stepfather</a></li>

<li><a href="Stepmother" title="Stepmother">stepmother</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stepchild" title="Stepchild">Stepchild</a></li>

<li><a href="Stepsibling" title="Stepsibling">Stepsibling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li>

<li><a href="Divorce" title="Divorce">Divorce</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Estrangement</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_of_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Family of choice">Family of choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha kinship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Genealogy" title="Genealogy">Genealogy</a><br>and <a href="Ancestor" title="Ancestor">lineage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral descent</a></li>

<li><a href="Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">Cadet branch</a></li>

<li><a href="Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">Common ancestor</a></li>

<li><a href="Surname" title="Surname">Family name</a></li>

<li><a href="Heirloom" title="Heirloom">Heirloom</a></li>

<li><a href="Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li>

<li><a href="Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal descendant</a></li>

<li><a href="Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">collateral descent</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li>

<li><a href="Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li>

<li><a href="Progenitor" title="Progenitor">Progenitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Royal descent</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Family_trees16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Family_tree" title="Family tree">Family trees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Genogram" title="Genogram">Genogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Ahnentafel" title="Ahnentafel">Ahnentafel</a>

<ul><li><a href="Genealogical_numbering_systems" title="Genealogical numbering systems">Genealogical numbering systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Seize_quartiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Seize quartiers">Seize quartiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Quarters_of_nobility" title="Quarters of nobility">Quarters of nobility</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relationships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agape" title="Agape">Agape (parental love)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros (marital love)</a></li>

<li><a href="Philia" title="Philia">Philia (brotherly love)</a></li>

<li><a href="Storge" title="Storge">Storge (familial love)</a></li>

<li><a href="Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mother's_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a>

<li><a href="Father's_Day" title="Father's Day">Father's Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Father%E2%80%93Daughter_Day" title="Father–Daughter Day">Father–Daughter Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Siblings_Day" title="Siblings Day">Siblings Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Grandparents'_Day" title="Grandparents' Day">National Grandparents Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Parents'_Day" title="Parents' Day">Parents' Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Children's_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a>

<ul><li><a href="Children's_Day_(Japan)" title="Children's Day (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Family_Day" title="Family Day">Family Day</a>

<ul><li><a href="Family_Day_(Canada)" title="Family Day (Canada)">Canada</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Family_Day" title="American Family Day">American Family Day</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Day_of_Families" title="International Day of Families">International Day of Families</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Family_Week" title="National Family Week">National Family Week</a>

<li><a href="National_Adoption_Day" title="National Adoption Day">National Adoption Day</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Breadwinner_model" title="Breadwinner model">Breadwinner model</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li>

<li><a href="Wedding_anniversary" title="Wedding anniversary">Wedding anniversary</a></li>

<li><a href="Godparent" title="Godparent">Godparent</a></li>

<li><a href="Birth_order" title="Birth order">Birth order</a></li>

<li><a href="Only_child" title="Only child">Only child</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_child_syndrome" title="Middle child syndrome">Middle child syndrome</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Sociology of the family</a></li>

<li><a href="Museum_of_Motherhood" title="Museum of Motherhood">Museum of Motherhood</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronaut_family" title="Astronaut family">Astronaut family</a></li>

<li><a href="Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li>

<li><a href="Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li>

<li><a href="Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li>

<li><a href="Sibling_rivalry" title="Sibling rivalry">Sibling rivalry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Property479" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Property479" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li>

<li><a href="Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li>

<li><a href="Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li>

<li><a href="Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li>

<li><a href="State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li>

<li><a href="Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li>

<li><a href="Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li>

<li><a href="Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li>

<li><a href="Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a>

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li>

<li><a href="Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li>

<li><a href="Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li>

<li><a href="First_possession_theory_of_property" class="mw-redirect" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a>

<ul><li><a href="Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li>

<li><a href="Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li>

<li><a href="Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li>

<li><a href="Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li>

<li><a href="Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Huerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li>

<li><a href="Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li>

<li><a href="Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li>

<li><a href="Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act%2C_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li>

<li><a href="Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li>

<li><a href="Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_way" title="Right of way">Right of way</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br><a href="Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a>

<ul><li><a href="Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li>

<li><a href="Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li>

<li><a href="Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li>

<li><a href="Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a>

<ul><li><a href="Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Illegal%2C_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li>

<li><a href="Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li>

<li>spousal

<ul><li><a href="Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li>

<li><a href="Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li>

<li><a href="Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a>

<li><a href="Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Origin_of_the_Family%2C_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><i><a href="Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a>

<li><a href="John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Categories: Property</li>

<li>Property law

<ul><li>by country</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High_wealth110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="High_wealth110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High <a href="Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Overaccumulation" title="Overaccumulation">Overaccumulation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a>

<ul><li><a href="Wealth_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth distribution">Wealth distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_distribution" title="Income distribution">Income distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumption_distribution" title="Consumption distribution">Consumption distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_economic_inequality" title="History of economic inequality">History of economic inequality</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_inequality" title="International inequality">International inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Overclass" title="Overclass">Overclass</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Broligarchy" title="Broligarchy">Broligarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation of capital</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_class" title="Upper class">Upper class</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nouveau_riche" title="Nouveau riche"><i>Nouveau riche</i> <wbr>(new money)</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_money" title="Old money"><i>Vieux riche</i> <wbr>(old money)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Luxury_goods" title="Luxury goods">Luxury goods</a>

<ul><li><a href="Veblen_good" title="Veblen good">Veblen goods</a>

<ul><li><a href="Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a></li>

<li><a href="Conspicuous_leisure" title="Conspicuous leisure">Conspicuous leisure</a>

<ul><li><a href="Luxury_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury beliefs">Luxury beliefs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Billionaire" title="Billionaire">Billionaire</a></li>

<li><a href="Captain_of_industry" title="Captain of industry">Captain of industry</a></li>

<li><a href="High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">High-net-worth individual</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnate" title="Magnate">Magnate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">Business</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Millionaire" title="Millionaire">Millionaire</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarch</a>

<ul><li><a href="Business_oligarch" title="Business oligarch">Business</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_oligarchs" title="Ukrainian oligarchs">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">Robber baron</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wealth_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth concentration">Concentration</a></li>

<li><a href="Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">Distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Wealth_effect" title="Wealth effect">Effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Geography_and_wealth" title="Geography and wealth">Geography</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Dynastic_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic wealth">Dynastic</a></li>

<li><a href="Estate_planning" title="Estate planning">Estate planning</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wealth_management" title="Wealth management">Management</a></li>

<li><a href="National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">National</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_wealth" title="Paper wealth">Paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Religion</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lists_of_people_by_net_worth" title="Lists of people by net worth">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_World's_Billionaires" title="The World's Billionaires"><i>Forbes</i> list of billionaires</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_centibillionaires" title="List of centibillionaires">List of centibillionaires</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_female_billionaires" title="List of female billionaires">Female billionaires</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_royalty_by_net_worth" title="List of royalty by net worth">Richest royals</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_richest_Americans_in_history" title="List of richest Americans in history">Wealthiest Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">Wealthiest families</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_largest_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest companies by revenue">Largest companies by revenue</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_corporate_profits_and_losses" title="List of largest corporate profits and losses">Largest corporate profits and losses</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_public_corporations_by_market_capitalization" title="List of public corporations by market capitalization">Largest corporations by market capitalization</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_financial_services_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest financial services companies by revenue">Largest financial services companies by revenue</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_manufacturing_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest manufacturing companies by revenue">Largest manufacturing companies by revenue</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_the_largest_software_companies" title="List of the largest software companies">Largest software companies by revenue</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_largest_technology_companies_by_revenue" title="List of largest technology companies by revenue">Largest technology companies by revenue</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_wealthiest_religious_organizations" title="List of wealthiest religious organizations">Religious organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_wealthiest_charitable_foundations" title="List of wealthiest charitable foundations">Charities</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_philanthropists" title="List of philanthropists">Philanthropists</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Universities

<ul><li><a href="Lists_of_institutions_of_higher_education_by_endowment_size" title="Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size">Endowment size</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_universities_by_number_of_billionaire_alumni" title="List of universities by number of billionaire alumni">Number of billionaire alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">Cities by number of billionaires</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_the_number_of_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by the number of billionaires">Countries by number of billionaires</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by total wealth">Countries by total wealth</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_sovereign_states_by_wealth_inequality" title="List of sovereign states by wealth inequality">Countries by wealth inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Wealth_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Wealth inequality in the United States">Wealth inequality in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_most_expensive_items_by_category" title="Lists of most expensive items by category">Most expensive items</a>

<ul><li>by category</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_wealthiest_animals" title="List of wealthiest animals">Wealthiest animals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diseases_of_affluence" title="Diseases of affluence">Diseases of affluence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Narcissism#Celebrity_narcissism" title="Narcissism">Acquired situational narcissism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Argumentum_ad_crumenam" title="Argumentum ad crumenam">Argumentum ad crumenam</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Gospel_of_Wealth" title="The Gospel of Wealth">Gospel of Wealth</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Giving_Pledge" title="The Giving Pledge">The Giving Pledge</a></li>

<li><a href="Philanthrocapitalism" title="Philanthrocapitalism">Philanthrocapitalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sayings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_rich_get_richer_and_the_poor_get_poorer" title="The rich get richer and the poor get poorer">The rich get richer and the poor get poorer</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialism_for_the_rich_and_capitalism_for_the_poor" title="Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor">Socialism for the rich and capitalism for the poor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Plutus_(play)" title="Plutus (play)"><i>Plutus</i></a>

<ul><li><a href="Plutus" title="Plutus">Greek god of wealth</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Superclass_(book)" title="Superclass (book)"><i>Superclass</i></a>

<li><i><a href="The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Wealth_(film)" title="Wealth (film)"><i>Wealth</i></a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>Category

<ul><li>by country</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1477" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200303#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1477" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/973371">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4015114-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85066373">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Successions et héritages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951178b">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Successions et héritages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11951178b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="遺産相続"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564243">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550712805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639239">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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